Extreme weather calls for smart cattle management strategies

What happens when the temperature swings from -30°C to +5°C in just a few days? For cattle producers, these rapid fluctuations need to be managed to mitigate the risks to herd health, nutrition, and overall performance.

In the newest episode of The Bovine, Kara Mastel sits down with Dr. Brittany Smith, Consulting Ruminant Nutritionist with Beef Smart Consulting Inc., to discuss how extreme weather changes impact cattle and what producers can do to mitigate the effects.

Story continues below podcast:

Cattle thrive on consistency, and sudden changes in temperature can cause stress, metabolic strain, and immune suppression. These swings have the potential to disrupt feed and water intake, increase disease susceptibility, and can slow growth rates in feedlot cattle. Smith explains that when temperatures drop, cattle expend more energy to stay warm, increasing their nutritional needs. However, when temperatures rise again, feed intake can fluctuate, leading to inefficiencies and waste.

Feeding strategies for cold weather

One of the most critical management tools during extreme weather is feed intake adjustment. When temperatures drop below -8°C, cattle require extra energy just to maintain body heat. Smith recommends increasing feed before a major cold front and adjusting back down as temperatures rise to prevent waste.

Forage quality also plays a crucial role. High-quality forage not only provides more energy but also supports proper digestion. On the other hand, low-quality forage with high fiber content can lead to impaction issues, especially if water intake is reduced.

Water access: The overlooked factor

Water availability is often overlooked but is just as important as feed. Frozen water bowls or difficult access can drastically reduce intake, which in turn affects feed consumption and even milk production in lactating cows. Smith stresses the importance of monitoring water sources daily, using remote cameras where possible, and ensuring there are enough access points to prevent dominant cows from limiting others’ intake.

Calving in the cold: Protecting newborns

Extreme temperature swings can be especially dangerous for newborn calves. Smith outlines key signs of cold stress, including cold mouths, weak suckling reflexes, and low rectal temperatures. She emphasizes that colostrum intake within the first six hours is essential for survival and long-term health.

Producers are also getting creative with warming strategies, from heated trailers to insulated calf shelters. By taking the warmth directly to the calf—rather than removing it from the mother—producers can reduce stress and the risk of mis-mothering.

The power of windbreaks and shelter

Wind chill can be just as harmful as freezing temperatures. “Cows experience wind chill just like we do,” says Smith, highlighting the importance of proper wind protection. At least one foot of windbreak space per cow is recommended to ensure all animals have protection, especially the weaker ones that may otherwise be pushed to the edges of the group.

Some producers strategically adjust feeding locations based on weather conditions, moving feed closer to shelter during extreme cold spells to minimize exposure. Others keep shelters near water sources to encourage hydration while also preventing ice buildup in waterers.

Using technology to monitor herd health

Technology is playing an increasing role in managing cattle during extreme weather. Remote cameras at water sites allow producers to check accessibility without making long, cold trips. Weight tracking and data-driven bunk management help optimize feeding strategies, ensuring cattle maintain body condition even during harsh conditions.

Smith also emphasizes the value of feed testing and contingency planning—having high-quality emergency feed on hand in case primary rations become unavailable due to equipment failures or other unexpected issues.

Economic impact: The cost of poor weather management

Managing cattle through extreme weather isn’t just about comfort—it’s about economics. Loss of body condition is expensive, and regaining weight in late gestation is difficult. Thin cows take longer to return to estrus, affecting pregnancy rates, while calves born into cold stress situations often face long-term health disadvantages.

Additionally, frostbite on ears, tails, and testicles can have financial implications, particularly for purebred operations. Reduced feed conversion efficiency means cattle require more feed to gain weight, further increasing costs.

Final thoughts: Staying ahead of the weather

Mother Nature may be unpredictable, but proactive management can make all the difference. From adjusting rations and providing shelter to monitoring water intake and using technology, producers have many tools at their disposal to keep cattle healthy and productive through extreme weather swings.

For more expert insights on managing cattle through tough conditions, be sure to check out the full episode of The Bovine. Have questions or ideas for future episodes? Reach out on social media using #ABPsTheBovine or email Kara at karam@albertabeef.org. Stay warm, stay informed, and keep your herd thriving!